Article L315-1

    Modifié par LOI n°2013-100 du 28 janvier 2013 - art. 5

I. – La monnaie électronique est une valeur monétaire qui est stockée sous une forme électronique, y compris magnétique, représentant une créance sur l'émetteur, qui est émise contre la remise de fonds aux fins d'opérations de paiement définies à l'article L. 133-3 et qui est acceptée par une personne physique ou morale autre que l'émetteur de monnaie électronique.

II. – Les unités de monnaie électronique sont dites unités de valeur, chacune constituant une créance incorporée dans un titre.

The U.S. Intelligence Community (USIC) is confident that the Russian Government directed the recent compromises of e-mails from US persons and institutions, including from US political organizations. The recent disclosures of alleged hacked e-mails on sites like DCLeaks.com and WikiLeaks and by the Guccifer 2.0 online persona are consistent with the methods and motivations of Russian-directed efforts.

Some states have also recently seen scanning and probing of their election-related systems, which in most cases originated from servers operated by a Russian company. However, we are not now in a position to attribute this activity to the Russian Government. The USIC and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assess that it would be extremely difficult for someone, including a nation-state actor, to alter actual ballot counts or election results by cyber attack or intrusion. This assessment is based on the decentralized nature of our election system in this country and the number of protections state and local election officials have in place. States ensure that voting machines are not connected to the Internet, and there are numerous checks and balances as well as extensive oversight at multiple levels built into our election process.

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